Anthropic 成立于 2021 年,旨在确保人类能够控制人工智能并从中长期受益。然而,随着这家前沿实验室即将进行首次公开募股(IPO),有一类人群被排除在控制权之外:任何在公开市场购买其股票的人。
让埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)或马克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)等创始人无需拥有大部分股份即可控制其上市公司的复杂结构,在硅谷并非新鲜事。但 Anthropic 对 AI 安全的执着导致了一种真正繁复的公司治理风格,这将使普通股东在包括董事会人选在内的该公司大多数重大决策中几乎没有发言权。
首先,Anthropic 是一家公益公司——一种在法律上允许将公共使命与利润并列考量的营利性公司——其目标是促进 AI 安全。这种地位保护了董事会做出完全由股东价值驱动的 AI 安全相关决策的能力,而不会遭到愤怒投资者的诉讼。
目前,董事会由 Anthropic 总裁 Daniela Amodei 担任主席,成员包括首席执行官 Dario Amodei(她的兄弟)、Netflix 联合创始人 Reed Hastings、前微软和通用汽车首席财务官 Christopher Liddell、诺华首席执行官 Vas Narasimhan 以及 Spark Capital 合伙人 Yasmin Razavi。董事会尚有一个空缺席位。
其次,Anthropic 将董事会的大量控制权分配给长期利益信托基金(LTBT),这是一个独立的委员会,旨在使公司专注于造福人类的使命。该信托基金拥有一类股票,使其能够选举和罢免公司董事会的大多数成员,这些董事被称为 T 类董事。LTBT 由 Neil Shah 担任主席,他是一位全球健康专家,曾在排名慈善机构的非营利组织 GiveWell 担任管理董事;其他成员包括前美联储主席 Ben Bernanke、国家安全专家 Richard Fontaine 和哈佛物理学家 Christopher Stubbs。LTBT 目前也有一个空缺席位。现有成员将自行选择填补该席位的人选。
第三,Anthropic 的七位创始人共同持有一股特殊类别的股票,使他们中的大多数人拥有 50.1% 的股东投票权,从而有权选举三名董事会成员。如果出于某种原因,创始人之间未能形成多数派,那么他们的股份才按与普通股持有者成比例的方式投票。
最后,董事会可以对 LTBT 形成制衡。当 LTBT 提名其四名董事中的一名“指定”董事,或在无正当理由(即未指控其行为不端)的情况下罢免该董事时,董事会的提名委员会可以拒绝批准该举动,并将决定权交给公司员工进行投票。
以下是所有这些结构的图示:

图片来源: Tim Fernholz / TechCrunch
如此复杂的结构的动态难以预测。我们已经看到过一个类似的架构实质上被推翻的显著案例:OpenAI 所谓的“小插曲”,当时 OpenAI 的董事会因担心 Sam Altman 不够坦诚 而短暂解雇了首席执行官 Sam Altman。由于公司员工对 Altman 的忠诚,董事会退让,恢复了他的职位,并建立了一套新的治理结构。Anthropic 的结构似乎将这种员工权力正式化了。
在 Anthropic,创始人统一阵线的裂痕可能导致普通股东拥有比预期更多的发言权,而如果员工支持董事会而非那些聚集的名流,他们可以在董事会席位问题上否决 LTBT 的决定。
创始人的控制权不会永远持续:在 IPO 十年后,创始人可以选择结束对公司的控制,或者当他们剩下的人数少于三人时,控制权将自动终止。在那一点上,LTBT 将继续存在,直到 85% 的普通股股东投票决定终止它,或者它在获得董事会批准的情况下决定辞职。
如果及当这两类特殊股东不再存在时——希望不是因为 AI 引发的灾难——普通股东最终将获得控制权。
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Tim Fernholz 是一位撰写科技、金融和公共政策新闻的记者。他密切关注私营航天产业的崛起,是《火箭亿万富翁:埃隆·马斯克、杰夫·贝佐斯和新太空竞赛》(Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and the New Space Race)一书的作者。此前,他在全球商业新闻网站 Quartz 担任高级记者超过十年,并在华盛顿特区开始了他的政治记者职业生涯。您可以通过发送电子邮件至 [email protected] 或通过 Signal 上的加密消息 tim_fernholz.21 联系或验证来自 Tim 的外联活动。
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Anthropic was founded in 2021 to ensure humanity can control AI and benefit from it in the long-term. As the frontier lab approaches its initial public offering, however, there’s one class of humanity that is being shut out of control: anyone who buys its stock on public markets.
Complex structures that allow founders like Elon Musk or Mark Zuckerberg to control their public companies without owning most of them are nothing new in Silicon Valley. But Anthropic’s obsession with AI safety has resulted in a truly baroque style of corporate governance that will leave common shareholders with little say over most major decisions at the AI company, including who sits on its board.
First, Anthropic is a public benefit company — a for-profit corporation legally allowed to weigh a public mission alongside profit — with the goal of promoting AI safety. That status protects the board’s ability to make decisions about AI safety that aren’t driven entirely by shareholder value without being sued by angry investors.
Right now, the board is chaired by Anthropic president Daniela Amodei and includes CEO Dario Amodei (her brother), Netflix cofounder Reed Hastings, former Microsoft and GM CFO Christopher Liddell, Novartis CEO Vas Narasimhan, and Spark Capital partner Yasmin Razavi. There is one vacancy on the board.
Second, Anthropic has allocated significant control of its board to a Long-Term Benefit Trust (LTBT), an independent panel meant to keep the company focused on mission to benefit humanity. The trust owns a class of stock that gives it the ability to elect and remove a majority of the company’s board, known as Class T directors. The LTBT is chaired by Neil Shah, a global health expert who was managing director at GiveWell, a nonprofit that ranks charities, and includes former Federal Reserve chair Ben Bernanke, national security expert Richard Fontaine, and Harvard physicist Christopher Stubbs. There is one vacancy on the LTBT right now. The existing members will themselves choose who fills it.
Third, Anthropic’s seven founders also jointly own a special class of stock that gives a majority of them 50.1% of shareholder voting power, allowing them to elect three members of the board of directors. If, for whatever reason, there’s no majority among the founders, only then are their shares voted in proportion with holders of common stock.
Finally, the board can put a check on the LTBT. When the LTBT nominates a “Specified” one of its four directors, or removes that director without cause (that is, without alleging misconduct), the board’s nominating committee can decline to approve the move and throw the decision to the company’s employees for a vote.
Here’s what all that looks like:

**Image Credits:**Tim Fernholz/TechCrunch
The dynamics of such a complex structure are hard to predict. We’ve already seen one notable instance where a similar structure was essentially overthrown: OpenAI’s so-called blip, when OpenAI’s board briefly fired CEO Sam Altman over concerns that he was not being candid with them. Thanks to the loyalty of the company’s employees to Altman, the board backed down, reinstated him, and a new governance structure was put in place. Anthropic’s structure seems to formalize that kind of employee power.
At Anthropic, cracks in the founders’ unified front could lead to common shareholders having more say than expected, while employees can overrule the LTBT on board seats if they back the board over the assembled luminaries.
The founders’ control won’t last forever: Ten years after the IPO, the founders can choose to end their control of the company, or their control will end automatically when fewer than three of them remain. At that point, the LTBT will continue until 85% of common shareholders vote to end it, or it decides to step down with approval from the board.
If and when neither special class of shareholder exists any more — hopefully not because of an AI-driven catastrophe — common shareholders finally get control.
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Tim Fernholz is a journalist who writes about technology, finance and public policy. He has closely covered the rise of the private space industry and is the author of Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and the New Space Race. Formerly, he was a senior reporter at Quartz, the global business news site, for more than a decade, and began his career as a political reporter in Washington, D.C. You can contact or verify outreach from Tim by emailing [email protected] or via an encrypted message to tim_fernholz.21 on Signal.
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